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From Occupy Wall Street to Durkheim: What Is Solidarity?
06 Monday Aug 2012
Posted Durkheim
in06 Monday Aug 2012
Posted Durkheim
in06 Monday Aug 2012
Posted Assignment, Durkheim
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This article below says that during the summer students gain weight and forget what they had learned during the school year. It also points out that social economic status (SES) can be correlated with how far the student falls behind.
Someone had commented about how in the 1950’s children used to play out doors. Saying that the change from spending more time indoors was due to climate change and air conditioning (unless a pool was available). Can you really blame children’s weight gain on technology such as air conditioning?
I would be interested in seeing Durkheim’s point of view on this topic. If like he says everything happens in a continuum, then is he saying that it is okay for children of higher SES backgrounds to surpass those from a lower SES? Suggesting that at some point in time they will “even out”? would he not pay much attention to the division and just be accepting of the situation?
(Caption: No Wonder Our Kids Grow Up To Be Lazy)
By Peter Orszag — Bloomberg News
It’s July, and for many of us, that brings back fond childhood memories of family vacations, summer camp or long, happy days spent playing with friends. But this quaint notion of summers as a kids’ paradise is dangerously misleading, evidence from social research suggests.
After spending the summer away from the classroom, children return one month or more, on average, behind where they were when the previous year ended. Kids also tend to put on weight in the summer two to three times faster than they do during the school year.
To put it unkindly, the average child becomes dumber and fatter during the vacation. And although there’s no need to declare war on summer, there’s plenty we could do to combat the seasonal learning loss and weight gain.
Consider, first, the evidence for the summer fade effect. Taken together, a variety of studies indicate that students’ academic skills atrophy during the summer months by an amount equivalent to what they learn in a third of a school year, according to a review by Harris Cooper, a professor of education at Duke University, and several co-authors.
This deterioration, furthermore, varies substantially by income and race, and its impact persists even past childhood. Barbara Heyns, a sociologist at New York University who studied Atlanta schoolchildren in the late 1970s, found that although academic gains during the school year were not substantially correlated with income, summer decline was.
Subsequent studies have replicated the finding. Karl Alexander, Doris Entwisle and Linda Olson of Johns Hopkins University, for example, found that the summer fade can largely explain why the gap in skills between children on either side of the socioeconomic divide widens as students progress through elementary school. Children from all backgrounds learn at similar rates during the school year, but each summer students of high socioeconomic status continue to learn while those of low socioeconomic status fall behind.
The impact is felt even years later. The learning differences that begin in grade school “substantially account” for differences by socioeconomic status in high-school graduation rates and in four-year college attendance, Alexander and his co-authors report.
The summer increase in children’s body-mass index has also been measured. In one study, Paul T. von Hippel, a sociologist then at Ohio State University, and his co-authors found that the average monthly gain in BMI for students moving from kindergarten to first grade was two to three times as fast during the summer as during either of the adjoining academic years. And the children most prone to obesity were most likely to put on additional weight during the summer.
So what can we do to fight summer learning loss and weight gain and restore the season’s halcyon reputation? Let’s start with the most ambitious option: lengthening the school year. I have written previously about the benefit of extending the hours of the school day. A similar argument applies to extending the academic year: More time at task helps children learn, and it would be worth the expense, (Having grown up in an academic family, I appreciate the benefits of summer break, but in fairness few other professions get three months off.)
The second option is an idea proposed several years ago by Alan Krueger, now the chairman of President Barack Obama’s Council of Economic Advisers, and Molly Fifer, then a graduate student in economics at Princeton University: Offer students in kindergarten through fifth grade who qualify for free meals the opportunity to participate in a six-week summer enrichment program that would be focused on small-group instruction. Krueger and Fifer estimated such a program would cost less than $2,000 per student. If the federal government paid half, the cost to taxpayers would be about $2 billion a year, and the benefits would be worth much more.
Some educators are not waiting for the government to act, which appears to be wise, given the inertia in a polarized Washington. For example, the National Summer Learning Association, with private funding, recently began a three-year “Smarter Summers” initiative in 10 cities, aimed at providing high-quality summer instruction for 20,000 students.
The third and least ambitious option is voluntary summer reading programs for students of low socioeconomic status. An experiment conducted by James Kim of Harvard University and Thomas White of the University of Virginia showed students developed better reading skills when they were provided with books during the summer and encouragement from teachers before the break began.
When Congress finally gets around to considering the reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, it should include an aggressive program to reverse summer learning loss. Don’t bet on Congress fulfilling that assignment this year, but we should hold them to it before school is out for the summer of 2013.
02 Thursday Aug 2012
Posted Assignment, Race, Videos
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I came across this video on 2Pac integrating aspects of sociology into his music. Any comments?
26 Thursday Jul 2012
Posted Capitalism, Marx, Videos
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